| 1. |
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
| 1.1. |
Overview of PEMFCs |
| 1.2. |
Major components for PEMFCs |
| 1.3. |
Applications for fuel cells and major players |
| 1.4. |
BPP: Purpose and form factor |
| 1.5. |
Materials for BPPs: Graphite vs metal |
| 1.6. |
BPP manufacturers flow chart |
| 1.7. |
GDL: Purpose and form factor |
| 1.8. |
GDL supply chain for FCEV stacks |
| 1.9. |
Membrane: Purpose and form factor |
| 1.10. |
Leading modern PFSA membranes – key players & properties |
| 1.11. |
Ion exchange membrane material benchmarking – PEM fuel cells |
| 1.12. |
Ongoing concerns with PFAS regulations |
| 1.13. |
Catalyst: Purpose and form factor |
| 1.14. |
Trends for fuel cell catalysts |
| 1.15. |
Key suppliers of catalysts for fuel cells |
| 1.16. |
Balance of plant for PEM fuel cells |
| 1.17. |
Overview of market forecasts |
| 1.18. |
PEM Fuel Cell Market Value (US$ millions) 2026-2036 |
| 1.19. |
Access more with an IDTechEx subscription |
| 2. |
MARKET FORECASTS |
| 2.1.1. |
Forecast methodology and assumptions |
| 2.1.2. |
PEM Fuel Cell Demand by Application (MW) 2023-2036 |
| 2.1.3. |
PEM Fuel Cell Market Value (US$ millions) 2023-2036 |
| 2.1.4. |
Market Forecasts: Bipolar Plates |
| 2.1.5. |
BPP Demand (millions of units) by Application 2023-2036 |
| 2.1.6. |
BPP Demand (millions of units) by Material 2023-2036 |
| 2.1.7. |
BPP Value (US$ millions) by Material 2023-2036 |
| 2.1.8. |
Market Forecasts: Gas Diffusion Layer |
| 2.1.9. |
GDL Demand (000s m2) by Application 2023-2036 |
| 2.1.10. |
GDL Value (US$ millions) by Application 2023-2036 |
| 2.1.11. |
GDL Material Demand (metric tonne) 2023-2036 |
| 2.2. |
Market Forecasts: Membrane, Catalyst & CCM |
| 2.2.1. |
PEM Demand (000s m2) by Application 2023-2036 |
| 2.2.2. |
PEM Value (US$ millions) by Application 2023-2036 |
| 2.2.3. |
Catalyst/PGM Demand (kg) by Application 2023-2036 |
| 2.2.4. |
CCM Value (US$ millions) by Application 2023-2036 |
| 3. |
INTRODUCTION |
| 3.1.1. |
Introduction to fuel cells |
| 3.1.2. |
What is a fuel cell? |
| 3.1.3. |
Overview of PEMFCs |
| 3.1.4. |
PEMFCs operating principle |
| 3.1.5. |
Water-gas shift (WGS) & sour shift reactors |
| 3.1.6. |
PEM electrolyzer vs PEM fuel cell |
| 3.1.7. |
Major components for PEMFCs |
| 3.1.8. |
Fuel cell technologies – overview |
| 3.1.9. |
Comparison of fuel cell technologies |
| 3.1.10. |
High temperature PEMFC (1) |
| 3.1.11. |
High temperature PEMFC (2) |
| 3.1.12. |
What is a Fuel Cell Vehicle? |
| 3.1.13. |
Attraction of fuel cell vehicles |
| 3.1.14. |
Mobility applications for fuel cells |
| 3.1.15. |
PEMFC market players |
| 3.1.16. |
Chinese PEMFC market players |
| 3.2. |
Hydrogen Economy |
| 3.2.1. |
State of the hydrogen market today |
| 3.2.2. |
Major drivers for hydrogen production & adoption |
| 3.2.3. |
Key legislation & funding mechanisms driving hydrogen development |
| 3.2.4. |
European hydrogen market – major developments |
| 3.2.5. |
European hydrogen market – major setbacks & challenges |
| 3.2.6. |
US hydrogen market drivers – pre-2025 |
| 3.2.7. |
US hydrogen market challenges – 2024 and 2025 |
| 3.2.8. |
Outlook on the low-carbon hydrogen industry in the US |
| 3.2.9. |
Outlook on the low-carbon hydrogen industry globally |
| 4. |
FCEV MARKETS |
| 4.1. |
What is a Fuel Cell Vehicle? |
| 4.2. |
Fuel Cell Vehicles as a Part of the Hydrogen Economy |
| 4.3. |
30 Years of Fuel Cell Vehicle Prototypes |
| 4.4. |
System Efficiency Between BEVs and FCEVs |
| 4.5. |
Fuel Cell Car Models |
| 4.6. |
Growth, Stagnation, and Fall of Fuel Cell Passenger Cars |
| 4.7. |
Toyota Mobility Roadmap |
| 4.8. |
Toyota Mirai 2nd Generation |
| 4.9. |
Toyota FCEV Goals 2024 and Beyond |
| 4.10. |
Hyundai Fuel Cell Passenger Car History |
| 4.11. |
Hyundai NEXO SUV |
| 4.12. |
Korea Subsidy Incentives from 2021: FCEV push but BEV far ahead |
| 4.13. |
Honda Discontinue FC-Clarity: Weak Demand |
| 4.14. |
Honda to Re-enter FCEV Market |
| 4.15. |
BMW to Produce FCEVs |
| 4.16. |
Chinese FCEV Cars |
| 4.17. |
Outlook for Fuel Cell Passenger Cars |
| 4.18. |
Light Commercial Vehicles Definition |
| 4.19. |
Fuel Cell LCVs |
| 4.20. |
IDTechEx’s Outlook on Fuel Cell LCVs |
| 4.21. |
Truck Weight Definitions |
| 4.22. |
Battery vs Fuel Cell Trucks: Driving Range |
| 4.23. |
Fuel Cell Manufacturers Collaboration on FC-Trucks |
| 4.24. |
Fuel Cells Trucks Outlook |
| 4.25. |
Fuel Cell Buses – New Markets May Boost Low Sales |
| 4.26. |
Main Advantages / Disadvantages of Fuel Cell Buses |
| 4.27. |
Outlook for Fuel Cell Buses |
| 4.28. |
FCEV vs BEV Market Share in 2045 |
| 5. |
FC TRAIN MARKETS |
| 5.1. |
Overview of Train Types |
| 5.2. |
Drivers for Zero-emission Rail |
| 5.3. |
Fuel Cell Train Overview |
| 5.4. |
Range Advantage for Fuel Cell Trains |
| 5.5. |
Fuel Cell Technology Benchmarking for Rail |
| 5.6. |
Rail Fuel Cell Suppliers |
| 5.7. |
FC Multiple Unit Overview |
| 5.8. |
FC Locomotives Overview |
| 5.9. |
Outlook for Fuel Cell & Electric Trains |
| 6. |
FC SHIP MARKETS |
| 6.1. |
Marine Fuel Cells Introduction |
| 6.2. |
Fuel Cells Technologies for Ships |
| 6.3. |
Fuel Cell Suppliers: Leaders & Challengers |
| 6.4. |
Fuel Cell Supplier Market Share 2019-2024 |
| 6.5. |
Fuel Cell Deliveries by Vessel Type 2019-2024 |
| 6.6. |
Policy Drivers for Maritime Fuel Cells |
| 6.7. |
Outlook for Marine PEM Fuel Cells |
| 7. |
STATIONARY FC MARKETS |
| 7.1.1. |
Stationary fuel cell applications |
| 7.1.2. |
Overview of the stationary fuel cell application market |
| 7.1.3. |
PEMFC industrial case studies |
| 7.1.4. |
PEMFC commercial case studies |
| 7.1.5. |
PEMFC utilities generation case studies |
| 7.1.6. |
PEMFC telecommunications case studies |
| 7.1.7. |
Outlook of the stationary fuel cell market |
| 7.2. |
Stationary PEMFC Players |
| 7.2.1. |
Overview of the stationary PEMFC market |
| 7.2.2. |
Acquisitions by major players |
| 7.2.3. |
Ballard Power Systems Overview |
| 7.2.4. |
Ballard technologies |
| 7.2.5. |
Ballard Power stationary fuel cell technology |
| 7.2.6. |
Ballard Power global manufacturing capabilities and key partners |
| 7.2.7. |
Plug Power overview |
| 7.2.8. |
Plug Power technology overview |
| 7.2.9. |
Plug Power stationary power technology and fuelling |
| 7.2.10. |
Plug Power customers |
| 7.2.11. |
PowerCell Group overview |
| 7.2.12. |
PowerCell Group technologies |
| 7.2.13. |
PowerCell Group partnerships and agreements |
| 7.2.14. |
Intelligent Energy overview |
| 7.2.15. |
Intelligent Energy stationary power technology |
| 7.2.16. |
Intelligent Energy partnerships |
| 7.2.17. |
Toshiba overview |
| 7.2.18. |
Toshiba fuel cell technology |
| 7.2.19. |
Cummins overview |
| 7.2.20. |
Accelera by Cummins fuel cell technology |
| 7.2.21. |
SFC Energy overview |
| 7.2.22. |
SFC Energy PEMFC technology |
| 8. |
BIPOLAR PLATES |
| 8.1.1. |
Purpose of bipolar plate |
| 8.1.2. |
BPP form factor |
| 8.1.3. |
Effect of BPP form factor |
| 8.1.4. |
Bipolar plate assembly (BPA) |
| 8.2. |
Materials for BPPs |
| 8.2.1. |
Important material parameters to consider for BPPs |
| 8.2.2. |
Graphite as a BPP material |
| 8.2.3. |
Metal as a BPP material |
| 8.2.4. |
Cost progression of BPAs |
| 8.2.5. |
Coatings are required for metal BPPs |
| 8.2.6. |
Coating choices for metal BPPs |
| 8.2.7. |
Manufacturing methods for BPPs |
| 8.2.8. |
BPP manufacturers flow chart |
| 8.3. |
BPP manufacturers |
| 8.3.1. |
Overview of BPP Suppliers (non-exhaustive list) |
| 8.3.2. |
Case Study (NC Titanium): Kobe Steel |
| 8.3.3. |
Case Study (Dual Supply): Dana |
| 8.3.4. |
Case Study (Graphite): SGL Carbon |
| 8.3.5. |
Case Study (Graphite Composite): FJ Composite |
| 8.3.6. |
Case Study (System Supplier): Schuler |
| 8.3.7. |
Case Study (Laser Etch): SITEC |
| 8.3.8. |
Micro Precision – Chemical Etching |
| 8.3.9. |
Switzer – Chemical Etching |
| 8.3.10. |
Yiangteng |
| 8.3.11. |
Hongfeng – Graphite |
| 8.3.12. |
Comparison of graphite BPP suppliers |
| 8.3.13. |
Ranked comparison of graphite BPPs |
| 8.4. |
BPP coating specialists |
| 8.4.1. |
Impact Coatings |
| 8.4.2. |
Precors |
| 8.5. |
Latest trends and research for BPPs |
| 8.5.1. |
Future directions for bipolar plate flow fields |
| 8.5.2. |
Printed Circuit Board BPPs – Bramble Energy |
| 8.5.3. |
Latest trends for BPPs |
| 8.5.4. |
Loop Energy |
| 8.5.5. |
CoBiP project |
| 8.5.6. |
Collaborative Approaches to BPP |
| 8.5.7. |
Early-stage commercial developments for BPPs |
| 8.5.8. |
Recent academic research for BPPs |
| 8.5.9. |
Woven mesh for fuel cells |
| 8.5.10. |
NBC Meshtec |
| 8.5.11. |
Haver & Boecker |
| 8.5.12. |
Emerging manufacturing methods |
| 8.5.13. |
Collaborative Approaches to BPP |
| 9. |
GAS DIFFUSION LAYERS |
| 9.1.1. |
Porous transport layer (PTL) & gas diffusion layer (GDL) summary |
| 9.1.2. |
PTL/GDL characteristics & materials |
| 9.1.3. |
Typical GDL structure |
| 9.1.4. |
Cathode GDL: Hydrophobic treatment |
| 9.1.5. |
Wet vs dry GDL performance |
| 9.1.6. |
GDL manufacturing process |
| 9.1.7. |
Cellulosic fiber GDL: No MPL required |
| 9.1.8. |
Interactions between GDL & catalyst layer |
| 9.1.9. |
GDL innovation trends |
| 9.1.10. |
Focus on dual hydrophobic and hydrophilic behaviour |
| 9.2. |
GDL Supply Chain & Players |
| 9.2.1. |
GDL supply chain for FCEV stacks |
| 9.2.2. |
GDL player: SGL Carbon |
| 9.2.3. |
GDL player: Toray |
| 9.2.4. |
GDL player: Freudenberg |
| 9.2.5. |
AvCarb – advancements in GDL designs for fuel cells |
| 9.2.6. |
Key GDL suppliers |
| 10. |
MEMBRANES |
| 10.1.1. |
Purpose of the membrane |
| 10.1.2. |
Form factor of the membrane |
| 10.1.3. |
Water management in the fuel cell |
| 10.1.4. |
Proton exchange membranes – brief history, functions & materials |
| 10.1.5. |
Key parameters defining PFSA ionomer structure & properties |
| 10.1.6. |
Important material parameters to consider for the membrane |
| 10.1.7. |
Overview of factors causing PEM membrane degradation |
| 10.1.8. |
Historical perspective on membrane manufacturers & key properties |
| 10.1.9. |
Nafion – the market leading membrane |
| 10.1.10. |
Chemours’ Nafion properties & grades |
| 10.1.11. |
Pros & cons of Nafion & PFSA membranes |
| 10.1.12. |
Proton exchange membrane market landscape |
| 10.1.13. |
Leading modern PFSA membranes – key players & properties |
| 10.1.14. |
Comparison of PFSA membrane properties |
| 10.1.15. |
Ion exchange membrane material benchmarking – PEM fuel cells |
| 10.1.16. |
Example supply chain for proton exchange membranes – Gore |
| 10.1.17. |
High-temperature proton exchange membranes |
| 10.1.18. |
Innovations in PEMFC membranes may influence PEMEL (1) |
| 10.1.19. |
Innovations in PEMFC membranes may influence PEMEL (2) |
| 10.1.20. |
Ongoing concerns with PFAS |
| 10.1.21. |
Hydrocarbons as PEM fuel cell membranes |
| 10.1.22. |
Alternative PEM materials: Hydrocarbon IEMs |
| 10.1.23. |
Assessment of hydrocarbon membranes |
| 10.1.24. |
Benchmarking of Ionomr membrane against incumbent PFAS membrane |
| 10.1.25. |
Alternative PEM materials: graphene composites |
| 10.2. |
Production of PFAS membranes |
| 10.2.1. |
Fluoropolymers in the polymer pyramid |
| 10.2.2. |
PFSA ionomer design |
| 10.2.3. |
PFSA membrane extrusion casting process |
| 10.2.4. |
PFSA membrane solution casting process |
| 10.2.5. |
Special release membrane for PFSA solution casting process |
| 10.2.6. |
PFSA membrane dispersion casting process |
| 10.2.7. |
Melt-blowing PEM manufacturing process – NRC Canada |
| 10.2.8. |
Improvements to PFSA membranes |
| 10.2.9. |
Trade-offs in optimizing membrane performance |
| 10.2.10. |
Improving dimensional and mechanical stability using simultaneous stretching |
| 10.2.11. |
Reinforced PFAS membranes: Multilayer vs woven membranes |
| 10.2.12. |
Chemours reinforced Nafion membranes |
| 10.2.13. |
Gore reinforced SELECT membranes |
| 10.2.14. |
Reinforcing ion exchange membranes using multilayer co-extrusion |
| 10.2.15. |
Innovation areas for reinforced multilayer IEMs |
| 10.2.16. |
PFSA composite materials |
| 10.2.17. |
Graphene composites |
| 10.3. |
Alternatives to PFAS in ion exchange membranes |
| 10.3.1. |
PFAS Regulations Affecting PEM Fuel Cells & Electrolyzers |
| 10.3.2. |
Chemours’ focus on responsible manufacturing of Nafion |
| 10.3.3. |
Key Parameters Required to Replace PFAS Membranes |
| 10.3.4. |
Emerging Alternative Membranes |
| 10.3.5. |
Hydrocarbon membranes are leading competitors to PFAS-containing membranes |
| 10.3.6. |
Alternative polymer materials for ion exchange membranes |
| 10.3.7. |
Boron-containing hydrocarbon membranes |
| 10.3.8. |
Other non-PBI containing ion solvating membranes |
| 10.3.9. |
Glass-filled cross-linked PEEK for improved membrane stiffness |
| 10.3.10. |
Bio-based PFSA-free membranes based on cellulose |
| 10.3.11. |
Inorganic and inorganic-organic hybrid ion exchange membranes |
| 10.3.12. |
Inorganic membranes: Membrion |
| 10.3.13. |
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) – overview |
| 10.3.14. |
MOF applications in ion exchange membranes |
| 10.3.15. |
MOF-based ion exchange membranes are not ready for commercialization |
| 10.3.16. |
Commercial maturity of PFAS alternatives in ion exchange membranes |
| 11. |
CATALYSTS |
| 11.1.1. |
Critical platinum group metals: Introduction |
| 11.1.2. |
Critical platinum group metals: Supply chain considerations |
| 11.1.3. |
Global PGM demand and application segmentation |
| 11.1.4. |
Critical platinum group metals: Applications and recycling rates |
| 11.1.5. |
Platinum as a catalyst |
| 11.1.6. |
Influence of carbon black support on Pt/C |
| 11.1.7. |
Catalyst coated membrane (CCM) |
| 11.1.8. |
CCM production technologies |
| 11.1.9. |
CCM production technologies |
| 11.1.10. |
Comparison of coating processes |
| 11.1.11. |
Roll-to-roll CCM production processes (1/2) |
| 11.1.12. |
Roll-to-roll CCM production processes (2/2) |
| 11.1.13. |
RWTH Aachen & Laufenberg’s research into CCM production |
| 11.1.14. |
Catalyst ink formulation – key considerations |
| 11.1.15. |
Typical catalyst coated membrane (CCM) |
| 11.1.16. |
Targets for reducing loading of catalytic materials in fuel cells |
| 11.1.17. |
Recycling of the catalyst |
| 11.1.18. |
Catalyst degradation mechanisms |
| 11.1.19. |
Overview of trends for catalysts |
| 11.1.20. |
Increasing catalytic activity – alternative metals |
| 11.1.21. |
Increasing catalytic activity – form factor |
| 11.1.22. |
SonoTek – Ultrasonic Deposition |
| 11.1.23. |
Mebius – Pt Skin over Catalyst Core |
| 11.1.24. |
Reduction of catalyst poisoning |
| 11.1.25. |
Reduction of cost of catalyst |
| 11.1.26. |
Future directions for catalysts |
| 11.2. |
Key Suppliers of Catalysts |
| 11.2.1. |
Cataler Corporation |
| 11.2.2. |
Umicore |
| 11.2.3. |
Johnson Matthey (Honeywell) |
| 11.2.4. |
Tanaka, Heraeus and BASF |
| 11.2.5. |
Newly developed catalysts |
| 12. |
COMPANY PROFILES |
| 12.1. |
Alleima: Fuel Cell BPP & Interconnect Materials |
| 12.2. |
Ames Goldsmith Ceimig: PEMEL/FC Electrocatalysts |
| 12.3. |
AvCarb |
| 12.4. |
Ballard Motive Solutions |
| 12.5. |
Ballard Power Systems |
| 12.6. |
Ballard Power Systems |
| 12.7. |
Bramble Energy |
| 12.8. |
CellMo |
| 12.9. |
Cummins/Hydrogenics: Hydrogen Fuel Cells |
| 12.10. |
Dana (Bipolar Plates) |
| 12.11. |
EKPO Fuel Cell Technologies |
| 12.12. |
FJ Composite |
| 12.13. |
Heraeus: Catalysts for the Hydrogen Economy |
| 12.14. |
Hongfeng Carbon Solutions |
| 12.15. |
Hydrogenics |
| 12.16. |
Impact Coatings |
| 12.17. |
Ionomr Innovations |
| 12.18. |
Jiangsu Yiangteng |
| 12.19. |
Johnson Matthey: Blue Hydrogen Solutions |
| 12.20. |
KnitMesh Technologies: Electrolyzer Electrodes & PTL/GDLs |
| 12.21. |
Kobelco (Bipolar Plates) |
| 12.22. |
Plug Power |
| 12.23. |
Plug Power Inc |
| 12.24. |
Precision Micro |
| 12.25. |
Schunk |
