| 1. |
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
| 1.1. |
Report Overview |
| 1.2. |
What is a PEM fuel cell? |
| 1.3. |
Major components for PEM fuel cells |
| 1.4. |
Applications for fuel cells and major players |
| 1.5. |
BPP: Purpose and form factor |
| 1.6. |
Materials for BPPs: Graphite vs metal |
| 1.7. |
BPP manufacturers flow chart |
| 1.8. |
GDL: Purpose and form factor |
| 1.9. |
GDL supply chain and key players |
| 1.10. |
Membrane: Purpose and form factor |
| 1.11. |
Market leaders for membrane materials |
| 1.12. |
Property benchmarking of membranes |
| 1.13. |
Ongoing Concerns with PFAS |
| 1.14. |
Outlook for Proton Exchange Membranes |
| 1.15. |
Catalyst: Purpose and form factor |
| 1.16. |
Trends for fuel cell catalysts |
| 1.17. |
Key suppliers of catalysts for fuel cells |
| 1.18. |
Balance of plant for PEM fuel cells |
| 1.19. |
Overview of market forecasts |
| 1.20. |
PEM fuel cell market for transport 2020-2034 |
| 1.21. |
Fuel cells within the FCEV market |
| 2. |
MARKET FORECASTS |
| 2.1.1. |
Forecast methodology and assumptions |
| 2.1.2. |
PEM Fuel Cell Demand for Transportation (MW) 2020-2034 |
| 2.1.3. |
PEM fuel cell market for transport 2020-2033 |
| 2.2. |
Market Forecasts – Bipolar Plates |
| 2.2.1. |
BPP demand by vehicle type 2020-2034 |
| 2.2.2. |
BPP demand by plate material 2020-2034 |
| 2.2.3. |
BPP material demand by plate material 2020-2034 |
| 2.2.4. |
BPP market value by plate material 2020-2034 |
| 2.3. |
Market Forecasts – Gas Diffusion Layer |
| 2.3.1. |
GDL demand forecast 2020-2034 |
| 2.3.2. |
GDL materials demand 2020-2034 |
| 2.3.3. |
GDL market value forecast 2020-2034 |
| 2.4. |
Market Forecasts – Membrane, Catalyst and CCM |
| 2.4.1. |
PEM demand forecast 2020-2034 |
| 2.4.2. |
PEM value forecast 2020-2034 |
| 2.4.3. |
Catalyst (PGM) demand forecast 2020-2034 |
| 2.4.4. |
CCM value forecast 2020-2034 |
| 3. |
INTRODUCTION |
| 3.1. |
Introduction to fuel cells |
| 3.2. |
What is a fuel cell? |
| 3.3. |
PEMFC working principle |
| 3.4. |
PEMFC assembly and materials |
| 3.5. |
Membrane assembly terminology |
| 3.6. |
Alternative fuel cell technologies |
| 3.7. |
High temperature PEMFC (1) |
| 3.8. |
High temperature PEMFC (2) |
| 3.9. |
Comparison of fuel cell technologies |
| 3.10. |
What is a fuel cell vehicle? |
| 3.11. |
Attraction of fuel cell vehicles |
| 3.12. |
Transport applications for fuel cells |
| 3.13. |
PEMFC market players |
| 3.14. |
China fuel cell installed capacity 2020 |
| 3.15. |
Other Chinese fuel cell system manufacturers |
| 4. |
FCEV MARKETS |
| 4.1. |
Fuel cell passenger cars |
| 4.2. |
System Efficiency Between BEVs and FCEVs |
| 4.3. |
Fuel Cell Car Models |
| 4.4. |
Toyota Mirai 2nd generation |
| 4.5. |
Hyundai NEXO |
| 4.6. |
Honda discontinue FC-Clarity: Weak demand |
| 4.7. |
Korea subsidy incentives: FCEV push but BEV far ahead |
| 4.8. |
Chinese FCEV Support |
| 4.9. |
Outlook for fuel cell cars |
| 4.10. |
Light commercial vehicles (LCVs) – Vans |
| 4.11. |
Fuel cell LCVs |
| 4.12. |
Outlook for fuel cell LCVs |
| 4.13. |
Truck Classifications |
| 4.14. |
Heavy-Duty Trucks: BEV or Fuel Cell? |
| 4.15. |
Outlook for fuel cell trucks |
| 4.16. |
Fuel cell buses |
| 4.17. |
Main advantages/disadvantages of fuel cell buses |
| 4.18. |
Outlook for fuel cell buses |
| 4.19. |
FCEV vs BEV Market Share in 2044 |
| 5. |
FC TRAIN MARKETS |
| 5.1. |
Overview of Train Types |
| 5.2. |
Drivers for Zero-emission Rail |
| 5.3. |
Fuel Cell Train Overview |
| 5.4. |
Range Advantage for Fuel Cell Trains |
| 5.5. |
Fuel Cell Technology Benchmarking for Rail |
| 5.6. |
Rail Fuel Cell Suppliers |
| 5.7. |
FC Multiple Unit Overview |
| 5.8. |
FC Locomotives Overview |
| 5.9. |
Outlook for Fuel Cell & Electric Trains |
| 6. |
FC SHIP MARKETS |
| 6.1. |
Marine Fuel Cells Introduction |
| 6.2. |
Fuel Cells Technologies for Ships |
| 6.3. |
Fuel Cell Suppliers: Leaders & Challengers |
| 6.4. |
Fuel Cell Supplier Market Share 2019-2024 |
| 6.5. |
Fuel Cell Deliveries by Vessel Type 2019-2024 |
| 6.6. |
Policy Drivers for Maritime Fuel Cells |
| 6.7. |
Outlook for Marine PEM Fuel Cells |
| 7. |
BIPOLAR PLATES |
| 7.1.1. |
Purpose of bipolar plate |
| 7.1.2. |
BPP form factor |
| 7.1.3. |
Effect of BPP form factor |
| 7.1.4. |
Bipolar plate assembly (BPA) |
| 7.2. |
Materials for BPPs |
| 7.2.1. |
Important material parameters to consider for BPPs |
| 7.2.2. |
Graphite as a BPP material |
| 7.2.3. |
Metal as a BPP material |
| 7.2.4. |
Cost progression of BPAs |
| 7.2.5. |
Coatings are required for metal BPPs |
| 7.2.6. |
Coating choices for metal BPPs |
| 7.2.7. |
Manufacturing methods for BPPs |
| 7.2.8. |
BPP manufacturers flow chart |
| 7.3. |
BPP manufacturers |
| 7.3.1. |
Overview of BPP Suppliers (non-exhaustive list) |
| 7.3.2. |
Case Study (NC Titanium): Kobe Steel |
| 7.3.3. |
Case Study (Dual Supply): Dana |
| 7.3.4. |
Case Study (Graphite): SGL Carbon |
| 7.3.5. |
Case Study (Graphite Composite): FJ Composite |
| 7.3.6. |
Case Study (System Supplier): Schuler |
| 7.3.7. |
Case Study (Laser Etch): SITEC |
| 7.3.8. |
Case Study (Chemical Etch): Precision Micro |
| 7.3.9. |
Comparison of graphite BPP suppliers |
| 7.3.10. |
Ranked comparison of graphite BPPs |
| 7.4. |
BPP coating specialists |
| 7.4.1. |
Impact Coating |
| 7.4.2. |
Precors |
| 7.5. |
Latest trends and research for BPPs |
| 7.5.1. |
Future directions for bipolar plate flow fields |
| 7.5.2. |
Printed Circuit Board BPPs – Bramble Energy |
| 7.5.3. |
Latest trends for BPPs |
| 7.5.4. |
Latest developments for BPPs: Loop Energy |
| 7.5.5. |
Latest developments for BPPs: CoBiP project |
| 7.5.6. |
Additional early-stage commercial developments for BPPs |
| 7.5.7. |
Latest academic research for BPPs |
| 7.5.8. |
Woven mesh for fuel cells |
| 7.5.9. |
Emerging manufacturing methods |
| 8. |
GAS DIFFUSION LAYER |
| 8.1.1. |
Role of the gas diffusion layer |
| 8.1.2. |
Hydrophobic coating for GDLs |
| 8.1.3. |
Wet vs dry GDL performance |
| 8.1.4. |
GDL manufacturing process |
| 8.1.5. |
Cellulosic fiber GDL: No MPL required |
| 8.1.6. |
Interactions between GDL & catalyst layer |
| 8.1.7. |
GDL latest research: Focus on dual hydrophobic and hydrophilic behaviour |
| 8.2. |
GDL Supply Chain and Players |
| 8.2.1. |
GDL supply chain |
| 8.2.2. |
GDL player: SGL Carbon |
| 8.2.3. |
GDL player: Toray |
| 8.2.4. |
GDL player: AvCarb |
| 8.2.5. |
GDL player: Freudenberg |
| 8.2.6. |
SGL Carbon – GDL market leader |
| 8.2.7. |
Outlook for Gas Diffusion Layers |
| 9. |
MEMBRANE |
| 9.1.1. |
Purpose of the membrane |
| 9.1.2. |
Form factor of the membrane |
| 9.1.3. |
Water management in the FC |
| 9.2. |
Incumbent membrane materials |
| 9.2.1. |
Proton exchange membrane overview |
| 9.2.2. |
Chemical structure of PFSA membranes |
| 9.2.3. |
Important material parameters to consider for the membrane |
| 9.2.4. |
Market leading membrane material: Nafion |
| 9.2.5. |
Competing membrane materials |
| 9.2.6. |
Property benchmarking of membranes |
| 9.2.7. |
Overview of PFSA membranes & key players |
| 9.2.8. |
Gore manufacture MEAs |
| 9.2.9. |
Membrane degradation processes overview |
| 9.3. |
Production of PFSA membranes |
| 9.3.1. |
PFSA membrane extrusion casting process |
| 9.3.2. |
PFSA membrane solution casting process |
| 9.3.3. |
PFSA membrane dispersion casting process |
| 9.4. |
Recent innovation of PFSA membranes |
| 9.4.1. |
Improvements to PFSA membranes |
| 9.4.2. |
Trade-offs in optimizing membrane performance |
| 9.4.3. |
Gore reinforced SELECT membranes |
| 9.4.4. |
Chemours reinforced Nafion membranes |
| 9.5. |
Concerns with PFAS (incl. PFSA) |
| 9.5.1. |
Introduction to PFAS |
| 9.5.2. |
What is the Concern? |
| 9.5.3. |
Where Are PFAS Used? |
| 9.5.4. |
Regulatory Outlook: EU |
| 9.5.5. |
Regulatory Outlook: USA |
| 9.5.6. |
Dutch Court Ruling on Environmental Damage Caused by PFAS Materials |
| 9.5.7. |
Comments from Market Leader (Chemours) |
| 9.6. |
Alternative (non-PFAS) membranes |
| 9.6.1. |
Hydrocarbons as PEM fuel cell membranes |
| 9.6.2. |
Assessment of hydrocarbon membranes |
| 9.6.3. |
Key player: Ionomr Innovations |
| 9.6.4. |
Benchmarking of Ionomr membrane against incumbent PFAS membrane |
| 9.6.5. |
Metal-organic frameworks |
| 9.6.6. |
Metal-organic frameworks for membranes: Academic research |
| 9.6.7. |
MOF composite membranes |
| 9.6.8. |
MOF composite membranes |
| 9.6.9. |
Graphene in the membrane |
| 9.6.10. |
Outlook for Proton Exchange Membranes |
| 10. |
CATALYSTS |
| 10.1.1. |
Platinum as a catalyst |
| 10.1.2. |
Catalyst coated membrane (CCM) |
| 10.1.3. |
Typical catalyst coated membrane (CCM) |
| 10.1.4. |
Influence of carbon black support on Pt/C |
| 10.1.5. |
Targets for reducing loading of catalytic materials in fuel cells |
| 10.1.6. |
Recycling of the catalyst |
| 10.1.7. |
Catalyst degradation mechanisms |
| 10.1.8. |
Overview of trends for catalysts |
| 10.1.9. |
Increasing catalytic activity – alternative metals |
| 10.1.10. |
Increasing catalytic activity – form factor |
| 10.1.11. |
SonoTek – Ultrasonic Deposition |
| 10.1.12. |
Mebius – Pt Skin over Catalyst Core |
| 10.1.13. |
Reduction of catalyst poisoning |
| 10.1.14. |
Reduction of cost of catalyst |
| 10.1.15. |
Future directions for catalysts |
| 10.2. |
Key Suppliers of Catalysts |
| 10.2.1. |
Leading catalyst suppliers: Cataler Corporation |
| 10.2.2. |
Leading catalyst suppliers: Umicore |
| 10.2.3. |
Leading catalyst suppliers: Johnson Matthey |
| 10.2.4. |
Leading catalyst suppliers: Tanaka, Heraeus and BASF |
| 10.2.5. |
Newly developed catalysts |
| 11. |
COMPANY PROFILES |
| 11.1. |
Related Profiles |
